Key Escrowing: History and How it Affects You Essay -- Technology Encr

Key Escrowing: History and How it Affects You Keys and key escrowing are significant points in the realm of business today. On the off chance that they are significant in business for what reason would it be advisable for you to be worried about them? This paper will cover what are private and open keys and key escrowing. It will talk about the advantages, disservices, issues of the past concerning these points, and why you ought to have an enthusiasm for them. Private and Public Keys Private keys are for the most part a relic of times gone by. They are straightforward and simple to have captured. The manner in which private keys work is this: a message is composed and encoded by the sender utilizing a key; next the beneficiary of the message is given the key alongside the message; they are then ready to unravel what was composed (Baase, 88). The issue with this is there is actually no compelling reason to encode the message. In the event that you need to give the way in to the recipient, why not simply give them the message not encoded? Open keys give considerably more security. In broad daylight key method, open and private keys are made. The open key is given to whoever might want to compose a scrambled message. When the message is scrambled and sent to the collector, they utilize their private key to unravel the message. Just the private key can disentangle. Not even the open key can translate what it just encoded (Baase, 95). On the off chance that the encoded report fell into an inappropriate hands, that individual would have no chance to get of interpreting it. Just the individual having the private key can peruse the message. The administration doesn't care for this in light of the fact that criminal operations can be arranged or discussed through this strategy without the legislature having any information about it. That is the reason the legislature thought of key e... ...does key escrowing intend to the normal individual? Most importantly, data that you give to banks, protection organizations, emergency clinics, and so forth is private data that is encoded when it is sent electronically. On the off chance that somebody procured a key that was not intended to, your data could be spread or sold. Your security would be penetrated. This is additionally a simple path for the administration to store data on residents. On the off chance that they have keys to all scrambled records, they would have the option to get to data whenever whether vital or not. Key escrowing is to secure the nation. Its principle expectation is to raise the degree of security. Fear mongers or crooks could be gotten before a genuine occurrence happened. Works Cited Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Computing. Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1997.

Leadership Essay -- Leader essays research papers

Everybody has presumably played the game â€Å"Follow the Leader† back in grade school. It is where the pioneer remains before the line. The individual in question can say or do anything, and her devotees (remaining in an orderly fashion behind her) must rehash the very same thing the person in question does or says. Whoever was picked to be the pioneer more likely than not adored the experience since one had the opportunity to do whatever they if you don't mind while others followed wretchedly or joyfully relying upon what the pioneer is stating or doing. Nonetheless, in the event that one was the supporter, one would stand by tensely to be the following picked pioneer. Simultaneously, one should some way or another express their self in a manner that will make them stand apart from the remainder of the understudies. Regardless of whether the person in question is impeccably emulating the pioneer or acting actually consciously of others. In any case, who figures out who ought to be the pioneer? What sort of attributes should a pioneer had? What makes an extraordinary pioneer (Robbins, 2005)? Is there just a single kind authority? These inquiries will be replied as you keep on perusing on. Furthermore, you will run over contextual analyses, genuine encounters, and my own perception on how pioneers in my work setting display administration conduct and how adherents react to it.      Leadership is the capacity to impact an individual or a gathering to accomplish numerous objectives (Robbins, 2005). To expound, authority is a perplexing procedure by which an individual impacts others to achieve a crucial, or goals and coordinates the association such that makes it increasingly firm and reasonable by applying their administration qualities, for example, values, morals, information, aptitudes, and conviction (Clark, 2000). Above all, not all pioneers happen to be supervisors, and not all administrators are pioneers (Robbins, 2005). Despite the fact that one is situated as a director or an administrator (he has the ability to achieve certain errands inside the association) it doesn't really mean he is a pioneer except if he makes individuals need to accomplish significant standards and targets. He has the position to advise his subordinates to carry out the responsibility and they will do it just to finish it yet isn't keen on accomplishing more signif icant standards. In any case, â€Å"leaders can rise up out of inside a gathering just as being officially selected [manager]† (Robbins, 2005).      What is extraordinary authority? As per the quality hypotheses, some character characteristics may lead pe... ... be in fact capable; one must know his activity and the obligations of his workers. A pioneer ought to consistently search for better approaches to society your association higher than ever. What's more, in the event that it doesn't work, reexamine, make remedial move and proceed onward to the following test. Be that as it may, don't search for somebody to fault. A decent pioneer isn't a tyrant chief. A decent pioneer sets genuine models (representatives ought to likewise observe and hear what they are relied upon to do) and fill in as a group. A decent pioneer consistently pay special mind to the prosperity of their kin and consistently keep them educated. (Clark, 1999). Initiative resembles an ART! REFERENCE Ballentine, k., George, An., and Hamburg, D. (1999). Forestalling lethal clash: the basic job of administration. Archieves of General Psychiatry; 56, 971-976. Clark, D. (2000). Huge dog’s administration page-idea of authority. Recovered on December 02, 2004 from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/pioneer/leadcon.html. In a word; improve pioneers? (2004). Harvard Mental Health Letter, pNA. Pree, M.D (1992). Administration jazz. New York: A Dell Trade Paperback. Robbins, S. (2005). Basics of authoritative conduct. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Flag Burning Editorial :: essays research papers

Banner consuming can be and ordinarily is a dubious issue with individuals. Numerous individuals accept that the American banner represents something significant and shouldn’t be decimated as such. Others accept that banner consuming is an explanation that one ought to have the option to make without significant repercussions. The two sides have legitimate conclusions and the two sides express their case well. In spite of the fact that I am neither nor or against the consuming of the banner, I accept the privilege ought not be removed. I accept that if a gathering of individuals have legitimate reasons and an admirable statement to make by annihilating a banner in such a manner, they ought to reserve the privilege to do it. The individuals who are against banner consuming appear to for the most part be the individuals who have served this nation through war and through other such ways. They are more seasoned individuals who accept that this nation is very superb if not practically great. They have a solid feeling of enthusiasm to this nation and would kick the bucket for a big motivator for it: freedom and opportunity. They could contrast it with the consuming of crosses before a congregation or to the manner in which the Nazis transformed an exceptionally excellent image into a racial and strict detest identification for killers. Insolence for custom is the thing that it comes down to. Since early on we are molded to indiscriminately regard that banner swinging from a shaft and to vow out faithfulness to it without comprehending what it really is. It has been convention for at any rate three ages. Individuals who have been detainees of war or individuals who battled for this nation have motivation to r egard it to such an extent. The have battled long and hard for what we have and regard it. A portion of our age doesn’t acknowledge how fortunate we have it. An offspring of this age could discuss how great and unadulterated and magnificent this nation is and could give you how we have had our freedom and opportunity removed to the point that we truly don’t have any. Valid, we have had our opportunity restricted a piece, however that is just for the assurance of ourselves from each other and from the legislature. To the extent banner consuming goes, individuals of this age and different ages, reserve an option to show how they feel about what’s going on in this nation. They feel that this district is accomplishing something incorrectly and that is the manner by which they decide to communicate their complaint. Banner Burning Editorial :: papers investigate papers Banner consuming can be and typically is an extremely dubious issue with individuals. Numerous individuals accept that the American banner represents something significant and shouldn’t be wrecked as such. Others accept that banner consuming is an explanation that one ought to have the option to make without significant repercussions. The two sides have substantial feelings and the two sides express their case well. Despite the fact that I am neither nor or against the consuming of the banner, I accept the privilege ought not be removed. I accept that if a gathering of individuals have legitimate reasons and an admirable sentiment to make by decimating a banner in such a manner, they ought to reserve the privilege to do it. The individuals who are against banner consuming appear to by and large be the individuals who have served this nation through war and through other such ways. They are more seasoned individuals who accept that this nation is very magnificent if not practically great. They have a solid feeling of energy to this nation and would pass on for a big motivator for it: freedom and opportunity. They could contrast it with the consuming of crosses before a congregation or to the manner in which the Nazis transformed an exceptionally excellent image into a racial and strict abhor identification for killers. Lack of respect for convention is the thing that it comes down to. Since early on we are adapted to indiscriminately regard that banner dangling from a post and to vow out devotion to it without recognizing what it really is. It has been convention for at any rate three ages. Individuals who have been detainees of war or individuals who battled for this nation have motivation to regard it to such an extent. The have battled long and hard for what we have and regard it. A portion of our age doesn’t acknowledge how fortunate we have it. An offspring of this age could discuss how great and unadulterated and awesome this nation is and could give you how we have had our freedom and opportunity removed to the point that we truly don’t have any. Valid, we have had our opportunity constrained a piece, however that is just for the assurance of ourselves from each other and from the legislature. To the extent banner consuming goes, individuals of this age and different ages, reserve a privilege to show how they feel about what’s going on in this nation. They feel that this district is accomplishing something incorrectly and that is the means by which they decide to communicate their complaint.

Glenn Mucrutt essays

Glenn Mucrutt expositions Cindy Sherman is one of the most popular picture takers on the planet. She challenges the ideas of gentility, yet not a women's activist. Sherman is the most youthful youngster in her family. She was conceived in January nineteenth of 1954. She was a lone kid experienced childhood in her family since her more seasoned kin had left. She was a forlorn young lady in her adolescence. Television was a significant impact during her growing up life. At the point when she was youthful, she jumped at the chance to dress-ups to be another individuals. Sherman needed to examine craftsmanship at school, and the specific one she needed to learn was painting, however her mom proposed her to be a workmanship instructor and guardians wont give her investigation access New York since that spot was exceptionally perilous during the 70s. As her choice of workmanship and her braveness, she went to State University College in Buffalo in 1972. Sadly, Cindy Sherman bombed her obligatory photography part of her course since she was unable to comprehend the specialized perspectives. She should pass the photography subject and afterward she could pass her Bachelor of Arts. At that troublesome time, there was an instructor (Barbara Jo Revelle) revealed to her that methods not significant, the thought is significant. In 1974, Cindy Sherman met a painter who was named Robert Longo and starts a relationship. Around then, Sherman started to gather waste from Thrift shops and began to figure who might wear these things. This man impact Cindy Shermans workmanship life and he additionally recommended her to record Untitled An E in show. Motion pictures, sensational, posing of quiet movies, nostalgic movies, nostalgic movies Cutouts all affected Cindy Shermans fine art. The main year in her prosperity venture was extremely hard, yet an advancement happens, she was welcome to David Salles studio with Longo. Sherman was interested by some old photographs which help her to remember a thought she has been contemplating. From that point forward, she started her first new work in New York is U ... <!

Role of Unions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Job of Unions - Research Paper Example ition, the unions’ job in protecting laborers from expanded expansion, developing joblessness and in affecting government strategies in issues as wellbeing and other social components is vital (Serrano, 2011). Each association has a HRM division that is commanded with the obligation of recruiting and taking a gander at the government assistance of the strategies. In executing this job, the division impacts the connection between the representatives and the association. The office hence has a job of accomplishing a genial connection between the association and the representatives by planning reasonable remuneration, guaranteeing better working conditions, having better deal, clinging to the work laws and including the employees’ emissaries in the definition and usage of associations polices (Serrano, 2011). Through these, the employees’ relationship will be upgraded and their faithfulness to the beginning will be improved. Plus, the administration likewise assumes a critical job in guaranteeing laborers predicament are maintained. The legislature has a job of setting reasonable compensation rates by adjusting the lowest pay permitted by law and in proclaiming laws that secure the privileges of the laborers. The job will incorporate that of punishing associations that break the set guidelines (Serrano, 2011). All the while, the administration should take interventionary quantifies among associations and their laborers in settling work debates. Taking everything into account, the HRM office, government and the laborers delegates should all assume their jobs in guaranteeing smooth relationship in the work power. Disappointment by any gathering to play out their assignments may result in the process of childbirth questions that will disable the working of the general

5 Debunked Myths About Drinking Alcohol

5 Debunked Myths About Drinking Alcohol More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Ever hear the expression hair of the dog when it comes to drinking? It comes from an old Scottish belief that if you take hairs from a dog that bit you and put it over the wound, it would prevent bad things from happening. When applied to drinking, it means if you are hungover the next day, have a glass of the same alcohol from the night before and it will lessen your hangover. Of course, neither the Scottish fable or the drinking expression are true cures. Myths About Drinking Alcohol Lets look at a myriad of myths about drinking alcohol that need to be put to rest once and for all. Beer Is Less Intoxicating Than Other Alcoholic Beverages The fact is that one 12-ounce can of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or one normal sized cocktail containing about 1 1/2 ounces of liquor are all equally intoxicating. Each alcoholic beverage is considered a  standard drink  containing about the same amount of alcohol. Where the myth has some merit is if you were to drink 12 ounces of liquor compared to one 12-ounce can of beer, then yes, the 12 ounces of liquor might have you hugging a toilet bowl. Switching Between Beer, Wine, and Liquor Will Make You Drunker There is a saying, Beer on whiskey, mighty risky. This saying is not about how if you mix the drinks you might become drunker. This expression and others like it are warnings about how mixing alcohols might make you sick to your stomach. Similar to the expression, Beer before liquor, never been sicker. Liquor before beer, you’re in the clear. Mixing drink types is usually a recipe for disaster. Alcohol is alcohol. Your body can only process so much before it goes into preservation mode. Drinking a lot of anything alcoholic can lead to dehydration and a nasty hangover. Cold Showers, Fresh Air, and Hot Coffee Sober You Up While showers, fresh air, and hot coffee might feel a little refreshing to a person who is three sheets to the wind, none of these things will sober a person. Only time can help a person sober up. It takes the body approximately one hour to eliminate the alcohol in one drink. It is true what they say, Give a drunk a cup of coffee and all you have is a wide-awake drunk.   Once absorbed into the bloodstream, alcohol gets processed by the kidneys, lungs, and liver. This is why a urine, blood, or breathalyzer test can all detect alcohol in the body. Eating a Big Meal Before Drinking Keeps You Sober The fact is drinking on a full stomach will only delay the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream, not prevent it. Eating before you drink is not a defense against getting drunk. Eating a filling, greasy, carb-loaded meal may prevent you from suffering worse hangover symptoms compared to drinking on an empty stomach. However, eating tons of calories will not prevent you from becoming intoxicated. Everyone Reacts to Alcohol the Same Way There is a giant myth that what works for one, works for another when it comes to just about anything. But, just with anything, people are all different. There can be many factors that may affect a persons reaction to alcoholâ€"body weight, metabolism, tolerance level, gender, body chemistry, to name a few. Also, there may be various genetic factors that come into play as to how individuals react to drinking alcohol.

IV with fromgmattomba A Pretty Average Dude on the Way to B-School

We’d like to introduce you to our next blogger, fromgmattomba, an anonymous MBA applicant who describes himself as â€Å"a pretty average dude† with a mission to attend one of his top choice b-schools. Thank you fromgmattomba for sharing your story with us – we wish you loads of luck! (Readers: Don’t forget to check out the fromgmattomba blog!) Accepted:   First, can you tell us a little about yourself? Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? Whats your favorite movie? fromgmattomba: A little bit about me – Im originally from Austin, TX, and in undergrad I studied Economics at the University of Texas. Its tough to pick just one favorite movie (I probably have several in each genre), but one that Ill always watch is Pulp Fiction, its a classic. Accepted: What stage of the MBA admission process are you up to so far? Where do you plan on applying? Will you apply to safety schools? fromgmattomba: Right now Im applying to my R2 schools (Booth and Kellogg), having already taken the GMAT and having already been dinged at both R1 schools (Columbia and Wharton). All four are definitely reach schools for my profile and I dont really plan on applying to safety schools this year. My contingency plan is to reapply next year with a broader application process if things dont pan out this year, but since I have a bit of time on my side I am only applying to my absolute top schools this year. Accepted: How do you plan to compensate for a low-ish (as you put it) GPA? Do you have a strategy worked out? fromgmattomba: Hmm, I think its tough to compensate for really, but one tried and true option is to retake an accredited course and ace it. Unfortunately, since I had to retake the GMAT over the summer, I didnt have time to take a course to bolster my profile before application season (and all the essay writing that goes with it). So this has now become part of my reapplying strategy, and something that I plan to point to as my what is different about you now? piece that most reapplicants need to address. Accepted: Congrats on your amazing GMAT score! What would you say are your top 3 GMAT test prep tips? fromgmattomba: It wasnt easy, but I firmly believe that if I can do it, anyone can. I think there are some stats out there that back me up, regarding hours put in and score results. Anyway, my top 3 test prep tips: 1.  Trust your test prep on test day (dont try something crazy). 2.  Targeted studying is vital. 3.  Remain constantly aware of your time spent per question and the likelihood youll get it right with additional time . Mastering this trade off, for me, was the whole point of the test (executive decision making and all that). Accepted: Can you tell us about your blog? When and why did you start blogging? What have you gained from the experience so far? fromgmattomba: I started my blog a little after my very first GMAT test, but the reason I started it was so people could follow a pretty average dude through the whole MBA application process. The idea is that I will give a detailed look at everything involved in the process, good and bad, while maintaining enough anonymity to speak candidly about each school. I wanted people to understand me and my applicant profile and I also wanted it to be entertaining and informative, something people could relate to. Ideally, I hope its a blog that helps people get/stay motivated to take on their own MBA journey, but its also a little self-serving as a space for me to vent :). One of the most surprising things about starting this blog is the community of fellow MBA applicant-bloggers that Ive met and chatted with. Its a very welcoming and friendly community (shout out to Bschool Admit, CaveGirlMBA, Coffee Beans and Tea Leaves, Domotron, TheMBAStory, expectingmbamilf, hamm0 and everyone else who has commented on/liked/encouraged my blog)! Do you want to be featured in Accepted.coms blog, Accepted Admissions Blog? If you want to share your MBA/EMBA journey with the world (or at least with our readers), email us at mbabloggers@accepted.com. Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best

Okonkwo s Family And The Tribe - 1073 Words

become. Okonkwo is very hidebound about the British missionaries coming to the tribe, while everyone else is oblivious to the impact they make. The missionaries are what cause the demise of Okonkwo’s family and the Igbo â€Å"family† tribe. The missionaries cause a schism within the tribe, by converting the indigenous people to Christianity, which leads to dwindle relationships. This illustrates that â€Å"colonialism in Africa disrupted many things† which is germane to Okonkwo’s family and the tribe (Achebe Article). Okonkwo and Nwoye, despite their shared blood, there is no affection or mutual respect in their relationship anymore, and thus they are noisome of one another and no longer consider each other to be family. Together, these scenes exemplify how important it is to have mutual respect for each other in an Igbo family. In the first scene, Ikemefuna feels as if he is actually apart of Okonkwo’s family through the bond and respect he shares with Okonkwo; in the second scene, Nwoye and Okonkwo have miniscule to no respect for each other which is just enough for them to not even acknowledge one another as family. Ultimately, Achebe suggests that mutual relationships are needed in an ideal family. A dearth of respect transpires into its downfall. When one’s father and son share no respect, they invariably will breakdown. Just as Achebe exemplifies that mutual respect is what helps form a strong family, so too does unity help form the concrete basis of the ideal family. UnityShow MoreRelatedWhen Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe918 Words   |  4 PagesIn Chinua Achebe s fictional novel, When Things Fall Apart, the reader follows the story of a young man named Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a passionate leader of his tribe, the Igbo. Throughout the book he wishes to please the Igbo people, a one way he does that is by distancing himself from his father. To Okonkwo his father was a disgrace, lazy, poor and cowardice. Okonkwo is first seen wrestling and proving his worth to the tribe. He built his home and earned a reputation of a strong diligent farmer. HisRead MoreThings Fall Apart : A Representation Of Conquest964 Words   |  4 Pagesof the conquest of African tribes by Europeans in the late 19th century. Using a mixture of aggressive missionaries and turning tribesmen against their neighbors, we witness the deterioration of a culture. When the Commissioner talks about the people of Okonkwo s tribe, he sees them as savages. Not as a tribe with cultures, customs, and beliefs. He sees them as crude and uncultured, and finds their customs â€Å"incorrect†. This definitely fits the concept of the white man s duty, being the hero thatRead MoreAnalysis and Evaluation of Things Fall Apart.1219 Words   |  5 Pagestells the story of the life of the main character, Okonkwo, from an outside narrator. There are different spatial setting throughout the story including Iguedo and Mbanta while the temporal setting is at the turn of the 19th century. In the beginning of the story Okonkwo was one of them most respected men of his tribe and was constantly moving up the social ladder yearning to join the lords of the tribe. However, after committing crimes against the tribe such as breaking the sacred Week of Peace and committingRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Falls Apart969 Words   |  4 Pagesby the British to the Umuof ia tribe. The Igbo community of Umuofia was led by a man named Okonkwo, who is the main character of this story. Okonkwo is a vigorous and brutal man. However, his fear of weakness leads him to tragedy. Okonkwo, the leader of the Umuofia tribe, is described as tall and massive. He is also powerful, and everyone respects him. Okonkwo is a prosperous farmer of yams with his three wives and multiple children. Even though many admire Okonkwo s strength and leadership, theyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 Pages Chris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves hisRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pageslife that force a person to change in order to survive. In Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart, this especially applies to one character - Okonkwo. In the Ibo culture, the sons of a man inherit all of his things when he dies, but for Okonkwo that was nothing. Okonkwo’s father did nothing and was viewed as a very disgraceful man in the society, so all Okonkwo inherited was shame. He had to start from scratch and build his own huts, his own barn, and start his own farm. Furthermore, he had to be aRe ad More Analysis of Things Fall Apart Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesAnd within this area is Umuofia, which is where the Ogidi tribe lives. These people have beliefs that rest strongly on religion and faith in god. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe takes a look at the life of an African tribe that has been isolated from the outer more technologically advanced world where science has become a part of religion proving that certain things live sickness are not caused by evil spirits. But the African tribe has no knowledge of this and they live in a society where thereRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1169 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 19th century. Okonkwo, the protagonist, was a respected, strong leader of the Ibo clan providing for his three wives and their children. His father was a failure, making Okonkwo’s greatest fear being seen as a weak failure, but this also makes Okonkwo strive for success. â€Å"His whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and o f weaknessâ€Å" (2. 12). With his drive to succeed, Okonkwo managed to make many poor decisions resulting in unwanted consequences. Okonkwo is an exact representationRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 Pagespre-colonized people of the Igbo tribe and their tribal leader Okonkwo. Achebe discuses early in the novel that the tribe is outlined by many rituals and values that they follow religiously. However, when the well-respected leader Okonkwo mistakenly breaks some of those values the tribe has no choice but to exile him. After Okonkwo leaves, the Igbo tribe learns about the visit of some unwelcomed white man and then things begin to fall apart. The story opens with the line â€Å"Okonkwo is a well-known throughoutRead MoreThings Fall Apart : A Great African Tragedy1727 Words   |  7 Pagesactions and flaws, and partly due to the will of a higher power. Like other characters of great tragedy, Okonkwo does have good characteristics. -Despite his actions at times, he does care for his family. He wants Nwoye, his son, to grow up tough and hardworking. He wants his daughter, Ezinma, to be safe. While he is extremely brash and hard on them, if he truly did not care, he would not try. Okonkwo has, and values, a great work ethic along with the courage and fighting spirit of a warrior. However

Facebooks Relationship With Facebook - 2114 Words

Facebook knows a lot of things about its users’ romantic lives. It knows when they’re falling in love and when they are falling out of love. I met my boyfriend in 2010, through mutual friends on Facebook. It gave us an opportunity to learn a lot about each other before we actually met. At first we spend hours messaging back and forth with each other, we also then started texting each other and eventually met offline. In the beginning of our relationship we were both involved with each other on Facebook, it started with just a little flirting and liking each others posts and pictures, then commenting on each other pictures and also liking pictures. When we were dating, pictures were shared in our sites, where we both were tagged in the†¦show more content†¦We had several arguments about this, to the point where we unfriended each other. I asked him why that was and he said that all the on and off in our relationship made things unsteady and unclear sometimes and he felt like not everyone on his Facebook needed to know what our relationship was going through. I tried to understand where he was coming from, but I just couldn’t and in order for me not to think and nag him about it I came to the conclusion and I deleted my Facebook. I think seeing other couples on Facebook share their relationship openly with their â€Å"Facebook friends† had sort of given me the notion that maybe I wasn’t in a happy relationship, because my boyfriend and I weren’t sharing those details. I saw other couples on my timeline share their moments and show each other love on Facebook, and it would make me angry that my boyfriend wouldn’t do that, He says that those people are just doing it for attention and to him it wasn’t genuine. He has a different point of view than I do. To him the more those couples shared, the more he thought that their relationship lost meaning, that no moment was just theirs or cherished, because th ey always had to post about it in the meantime or ruin the moment to snap a picture to upload it on their Facebook. My main purpose in to address how those in committed relationships experience relationship satisfaction through social media. Being raised online, my generation has an entirely different world to contend

William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar - 1641 Words

EZ Julius Caesar was a crucial political figure that saw the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman empire. Through political strategy and military feats, Caesar seized significant power and influence over Roman politics and eventually declared himself a â€Å"dictator in perpetuity†. He centralized the government, passed social and bureaucratic reform, and even created the Julian calendar. However, he was soon assassinated by senators led by Marcus Brutus who stabbed him to death, after which the empire underwent several civil wars. His death is considered by historians as a watershed in Roman history, and one of the most influential assassinations in history. In Shakespeare s play Julius Caesar, Caesar s death was preceded by numerous omens: a severe thunderstorm, a bird of night screaming in a marketplace, and even a lion walking through the streets. EZ Shakespeare alludes to Julius Caesar, in order to highlight the importance of King Hamlet’s death and also foreshadow the discovery of betrayal. One of the reasons that Caesar was alluded to was to capture one of the themes of Hamlet: that everyone dies eventually. Like how King Hamlet was going to die eventually, Julius Caesar dies too. It is this realization that is a major part in Hamlet’s grief driven quest for self-knowledge. Another reason that Caesar was alluded to is to capture a similarity between Caesar’s son and Hamlet. Both of their fathers were important leaders that were murdered prematurely,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1082 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Et tu, Brutà ©? Then fall Caesar† (III.i 179). The fatal stabs of the conspirators did not kill the all-mighty Julius Caesar, for the sharp butcher of Brutus pierced his heart and condemned his life to cessation. This dramatic, mood changing affair serves as the pivotal platform in William Shakespeare’s, Julius Caesar. It is a compelling novel that recounts the unjust murder of Julius Caesar, an ancient Roman general. Oblivious to this conspicuous foreshadowing, Caesar fails to distinguish his trueRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1833 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION The seemingly straightforward simplicity of â€Å"Julius Caesar† has made it a perennial favourite for almost 400 years. Despite its simplicity, almost Roman in nature, the play is rich both dramatically and thematically, and every generation since Shakespeare’s time has been able to identify with some political aspect of the play. The Victorians found a stoic, sympathetic character in Brutus and found Caesar unforgivably weak and tyrannical. As we move into the twenty-first century, audiencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pages Christa Kiesling AP Lang Block 1 Mr. Snider 6 Nov. 2016 RA1 William Shakespeare, in his historical play Julius Caesar, makes the characters Brutus and Antony utilize rhetorical strategies in order to win the favour of the Roman people for their own purposes. These two speakers try to convince the audience of different things: where Brutus, who speaks first, was trying to subdue the passions of the mob and use logic to win acceptance for his murderous actions, Antony, who had to follow Brutus, wasRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar760 Words   |  4 Pagespeople of Rome. In Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare, Brutus and Antony address the people over Caesar’s dead body. The body is brought to the town square shortly after he was murdered by the Senate. Brutus, one of the murderers, appeals to the people’s fear and patriotism. Antony speaks after and puts doubts of the justification of the murder and plays to the people’s hearts. Brutus addresses the crowd by using his reputation to support his reasons for killing Caesar. He starts his speechRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe phenomenal, as well as tyrannical, Roman rulers throughout history, Julius Caesar is by far the most prominent. This fame is due in no small part to William Shakespeare and his play that bears the same name. However, although Caesar is the play’s namesake, the story’s central focus is on Brutus and Caius Cassius and their plot to assassinate Caesar. When discussing Antony’s fate in Act II scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Brutus argues against what he perceives as the unnecessary and brutalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar919 Words   |  4 Pageschoices that eventually bring about their demise. At first glance, Caesar may appear to be the tragic hero, when the real tragedy actually lies in Brutus’s story in William Shakespeare s p lay The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. One tray a tragic hero must posses is that they are relatable. The play may be named for Caesar, but the reader simply knows more of Brutus and his motives, which help to make his story a tragedy more so than Caesar s. Brutus’ thoughts, actions, and history are made more apparentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar1508 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar† was mainly based on the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. â€Å"Julius Caesar† is a play based on rhetoric and politics. Rhetoric is the science of manipulation. Marcus Brutus, a Senate and a beloved friend of Caesar stood as the face among the conspirators leading the assassination of Julius Caesar. Aristotle said, â€Å"A man doesn’t become a hero until he can see the root of his downfall†. He defined a tragic hero as someone who is highlyRead MoreThemes Of William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar 2063 Words   |  9 Pages Theme, Mood and Conflict in Julius Caesar Savannah Baine â€Å"Come I to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me. But Brutus says that he was too ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man .† Mark Antony (Act 3,Scene 2,Line 85). â€Å"Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare, is a classic play depicting the death of Caesar and the chaos that ensues afterwards. One theme in this play is fate vs. free will, the mood is seriousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1721 Words   |  7 Pagesusually stems from their own deep rooted hatred of a person and is often in some way personally benefiting to themselves. However, this is not the case of Brutus in Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar. Brutus’s plan to murder Julius Caesar does not make him a villainous man but a rather noble one. Despite his plot against Caesar, Brutus’s intentions were always one-hundred percent honorable. The first instance in the play where the reader learns of just how honorable a man Brutus is, is in Act 1, SceneRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1201 Words   |  5 PagesDellinger English II 4/18/17 Julius Caesar There are many people you may have heard of that lived during 100 B.C.- 10 A.D. in Rome. Some of those people include Marcus Brutus, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Julius Caesar. In this paper I will be talking about Julius Caesar. And while doing so I will be talking about his early/personal life, his career, and his assassination. Julius Caesar was born July 12. B.C. as Gaius Julius Caesar, to Aurelia Cotta, and Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius was born with the Neurological

Cyber Crime Essay - 1176 Words

In today’s day and age, everyone uses a computer. Whether it is just for fun (surfing the internet, downloading music) or for work (using Excel, Word or the internet for sources) there are not too many people that do not understand how useful the computer can be. In fact, many people have figured out how to use the computer to commit crime anonymously, and sometimes without the victim even knowing a crime has been committed. There are many different types of internet crime. First, it is incredibly easy to hide one’s identity on the internet. Most people use â€Å"user names† as opposed to actual names, therefore anyone can choose anything for their name. Some people do this just so they can feel like they can be who ever they want to be†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The development of informal banking institutions and parallel banking systems may permit central bank supervision to be bypassed, but can also facilitate the evasion of cash transaction reporti ng requirements in those nations which have them (Grabosky 17). Viruses, worms and trojans are also a common internet crime. Computer viruses are programs that can copy themselves in order to infect a computer without the knowledge of the user. These can be spread by e-mail, flash drives, floppy disks, or any other form of portable memory. Worms are similar in that the user is unaware, but the point of these is to send the virus to as many people as possible. Therefore, the worm does not attach itself to the computer, but instead to the e-mail so it can be sent out again and again. Trojans appear to be innocent to the computer user, but in fact is used to open a backdoor to the computer so others can access. They can also be used to transmit viruses or worms. Most people can protect against these by installing anti-virus software that will review information to make sure it is safe before the user can open. There are also numerous firewalls that can be installed on a computer to mak e sure only authorized material is transmitted. The easiest way to misuse the internet is simply to conspire to commit a criminal act. Many people use computers to share information and to communicate plans. Some of these may be simplyShow MoreRelatedCyber Crimes on the Internet1117 Words   |  5 Pagesalso comes with it a whole new set of crimes, such as stalking, hacking, cyber bullying, identity theft, and crimes of a sexual nature. The internet has opened up a whole new door for crime, it has also made it easier for crimes to be committed. This is why I think that there should be stricter laws against cyber bullying because no one deserves the treatment that kids like Amanda Todd got. One of the most talked about Cyber crimes is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is done through the computerRead MoreCyber Crimes And The Crime1153 Words   |  5 Pagesevolve with the trends in crime throughout history. Unfortunately for Law Enforcement, they are always on the back end of that and are often behind for months before being able to counteract. Cyber crimes are no different. Cyber Crimes are a new and always developing form of crime that bases its entire agenda from taking advantage of its victims over the internet. Law Enforcement s job is to assess and work to stop these crimes but it s not that easy. These cyber crimes are heavily in the favorRead MoreCyber Crimes And Cyber Crime Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesCyber Crime is described as criminal activity committed via use of electronic communications with respect to cyber fraud or identity theft through phishing and spoofing. There are many other forms of cyber-crime also such as harassment, pornography etc. via use of information technology. Usually Cyber-crime is divided in below 3 categories: 1. Persons: Cyber Crime against person can be conducted in many ways as in today’s world all the personal information is available on internet and one can useRead MoreCyber Crime2238 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Cyber Crime awareness among youth Abstract: Cyber crime is emerging as a serious threat. Worldwide governments, police departments and intelligence units have started to react. One of the many approaches to enable students and other peoples to protect themselves from the ever-increasing amount and range of cybercrime. This is relevant to students studying different aspects of undergraduate and postgraduate computing. This paper discusses the views of youngRead MoreCyber Crime : A Crime1116 Words   |  5 PagesCyber crime is described as computer crimes. They could be classified as any form of illegal activity that take place on a computer or even a phone. According to the Department of Justice they classify cyber crime into three categories: crimes in which a computer is the target, another class is when a computer is used as a weapon. The last class is when a computer is used as an accessory, this is when criminals use computers to store data they’ve stolen. The growth of the internet has allowedRead MoreCyber Crime5881 Words   |  24 PagesUniversity Of Dhaka [pic] Department Of Management Information Systems [pic] Assignment On Business Law Topic: Cyber Crime Prepared By : Subrata Halder ID NO : 05-005 Submitted To: Ashraful Alam Read MoreCyber Crime2799 Words   |  12 PagesCyber Crime and Security Submitted by: Ms.Poonam S. Ramteke (T.E C.S.E) psr_219@yahoo.com(9923115394) K.I.T.’s College of Engineering. ABSTRACT : Society is becoming more dependent upon data and networks to operate our businesses, government, national defense and other critical functions. Cybercrime, which is rapidly increasing in frequency and in severity, requires us to rethink how we should enforce our criminal lawsRead MoreCyber Crime And Transnational Crime Essay1841 Words   |  8 PagesDue to the borderless nature of cyberspace, the perfect arena has been created for transnational crime to occur. Whether it’s an anonymous hacker infiltrating a computer network, terrorists targeting the U.S. power grid, or even the Mexican Los Zetas selling drugs on the Dark Web, cyberspace has presented itself as an attractive target for illegal activity. Any criminal act in cyberspace immediately poses a transnational security threat to practically anything comprehensible, such as: governmentsRead MoreThe Issue Of Cyber Crime1118 Words   |  5 Pagescriminals commit a crime. Whether a person is covering their face with a ski mask as they physically rob a bank or someone infiltrates a hospital’s network to steal personal information for ransom, every criminal finds comfort in the warped sense that their identity will most likely be unknown, which will allow them to evade law enforcement. Due to technological advancements, criminals are more likely to remain anonymous after committing a criminal act when they engage in cyber crime. As a result, organizedRead MoreWhat Is Cyber Crime?1424 Words   |  6 PagesWHAT IS CYBER CRIME? Crime is a common word that we always heard in this globalization era. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since long time ago. There are different strategies practices by different countries to contend with crime. It is depending on their extent and nature. It can be concluded that a nation with high index of crime cases cannot grow or develop well. This is because crime is the

The Language of Mistrust and Fear Free Essays

string(126) " Hungarians are not like the English, establishing them firmly as The Other, but he also manages to establish their humanity\." From the beginning, Bram Stoker makes it clear that Count Dracula should be viewed as The Other, a psychological distinction that has been used to describe the way people view the world in â€Å"them† and â€Å"us†. Stoker uses the concept of The Other to show how different Dracula is from the English and to create an underlying tension between the remaining characters and the vampire. He also uses the psychological distinction as a means of preventing the characters from determining the nature of the vampire earlier as they are aware that they have societal differences from the count. We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Mistrust and Fear or any similar topic only for you Order Now The characters choose to overlook many of the first warnings of the oddness of the Count because they were afraid they were acting out of a misunderstanding about the cultural differences. Stoker manages to establish Count Dracula as the other easily within the first chapter of the novel. In the first chapter, the impressions we have of Count Dracula all come from Jonathan Harker’s journal and Stoker establishes early on that Harker is uncomfortable with his surroundings. â€Å"The impression I had was that we were leaving the West and entering the East; the most western of splendid bridges over the Danube, which is here of noble width and depth, took us among the traditions of Turkish rule† (Stoker, Chapter 1). Even in his writing, Stoker decides to play up the strangeness of the land with the strange spelling of Budapest as Buda-Pesth. He establishes immediately that Harker is leaving the civilized world and going to a completely different land. He uses the lure and the mystique of â€Å"the East† to establish the difference all within the first paragraph of the book that Count Dracula is different from everyone else. As Harker travels inland, we learn that the count is from the edge of Hungary near the Carpathian Mountains, â€Å"one of the wildest and least known portions of Europe. † (Chapter 1) This is another attempt by the author to establish that Dracula is weird, and unlike the other characters. By claiming that he is from a wild and unknown region, Stoker is relying on the themes of Romanticism to imply that he is potentially evil and dangerous. And just a few paragraphs later he tells us that â€Å"I read that every known superstition in the world is gathered into the horseshoe of the Carpathians, as if it were the centre of some sort of imaginative whirlpool; if so my stay may be very interesting. † (Chapter 1). These lines establish clearly that Harker believes the people of Hungary to be less educated and different from the people of England. Furthermore, by establishing that he has heard they are a superstitious folk, he can justify their odd behavior to himself and not question the decisions that he is making (going alone to the Count’s castle despite their warnings). Throughout the novel, Stoker relies on the concept of the other to isolate his main characters from the world around them and never is this as evident as in Harker’s initial journey to meet the count. All along the way, Harker is the tourist, intrigued and yet critical of local population. â€Å"The women looked pretty, except when you got near them, but they were very clumsy about the waist. † (Chapter 1) He describes the traditional dress and the more rotund nature of the populace as â€Å"clumsy about the waist† emphasizing the fashion of the time in Britain to be very thin with corsets cinching the waist in even farther. And, to the men, he is even less generous. The strangest figures we saw were the Slovaks, who were more barbarian than the rest, with their big cow-boy hats, great baggy dirty-white trousers, white linen shirts, and enormous heavy leather belts, nearly a foot wide, all studded over with brass nails. They wore high boots, with their trousers tucked into them, and had long black hair and heavy black moustaches. They are very picturesque, but do not look prepossessing. On the stage they would be set down at once as some old Oriental band of brigands. They are, however, I am told, very harmless and rather wanting in natural self-assertion. To the average reader at the time of this writing, Stoker’s words about the people of Europe would have been strange and more than a bit fearsome, driven by the fear of the unknown. The author, realizing this, includes that very observation in Harker’s journal, when he hastens to explain that despite the many odd things in his journal, he had not overindulged in either food or drink, going so far as to list what he has eaten. There too, Stoker attempts to make the reader revile the locals with a comparison of their dinner to the â€Å"simple style of the London cat’s meat! † (Chapter 1). Having established the physical differences between the inhabitants of Eastern Europe and those in London and draw attention to their different manner of dress and food, Stoker is ready to cut the last tie which might bind the two groups together: religion. On the eve of Harker’s approach to Dracula’s castle, the innkeeper’s wife attempts to prevent him from going. She relays the fear that something untoward will happen to him at the Castle and begs him to take her crucifix. I did not know what to do, for, as an English Churchman, I have been taught to regard such things as in some measure idolatrous, and yet it seemed so ungracious to refuse an old lady meaning so well and in such a state of mind. She saw, I suppose, the doubt in my face, for she put the rosary round my neck and said, â€Å"For your mother’s sake,† and went out of the room. I am writing up this part of the diary whilst I am waiting for the coach, which is, of course, late; and the crucifix is still round my neck. (Chapter 1) In this short passage, Stoker firmly establishes that the Hungarians are not like the English, establishing them firmly as The Other, but he also manages to establish their humanity. You read "The Language of Mistrust and Fear" in category "Language" When the woman asks him to take the crucifix, â€Å"For your mother’s sake†, Stoker overcomes the barrier between them, pointing to a common bond among all humans, the love of a mother for her child. This is done for two reasons: first, to illustrate to the reader that the oddities of the count are in fact unnatural and second, to begin to create a mood, to explain the beginnings of the fear that Harker feels as he approaches the castle. The reader is meant to feel that Harker’s observations about his trepidation as he approaches the castle at midnight are justified, that he is not merely some frightened little boy who starts at the darkness. This concept that the fear might be justified is building all along Harker’s journey to the castle and might have built more if he had understood the languages his fellow passengers spoke, Stoker writes, again playing to the classical definition of the other as someone outside our normal understanding, separated by culture, religion and sometimes, by language. Then, in a subtle criticism of the Carpathians, another form of creating distance between groups, Harker observes that the roads and rough and that the driver seemed to â€Å"fly over it with a feverish haste. † (Chapter 1) This observation is meant to again set the people apart from the English who, it is implied, would never think of driving at such a pace and would have most certainly kept the road in better repair. â€Å"I was told that this road is in summertime excellent, but that it had not yet been put in order after the winter snows. In this respect it is different from the general run of roads in the Carpathians, for it is an old tradition that they are not to be kept in too good order. Of old the Hospadars would not repair them, lest the Turk should think that they were preparing to bring in foreign troops, and so hasten the war which was always really at loading point. † (Chapter 1). Even in his discussion of the fear of the Turks, Stoker is driving a wedge between the English and the Hungarians, as the British never feared invasion from aggressive neighbors thanks to the fact that they were on an island. This is just another means of driving a stake between the two cultures. For the normally reserved British, the thought of strangers giving Harker gifts along the way also helps to establish the difference between the cultures. â€Å"One by one several of the passengers offered me gifts, which they pressed upon me with an earnestness which would take no denial. These were certainly of an odd and varied kind, but each was given in simple good faith, with a kindly word, and a blessing, and that same strange mixture of fear-meaning movements which I had seen outside the hotel at Bistritz– the sign of the cross and the guard against the evil eye. † (Chapter 1). This passage actually plays on English attitudes in two matters: First, it would have been unconscionable to give a random gift to a stranger and make him feel that he must accept it. Second, the fact that they were actively demonstrating their religion and superstition was an act the British of the time would have found completely unacceptable. The British largely believed that church, the Church of England, was something you did when you went to services and not something to be practiced at any other time. Furthermore, the concept that you would let someone catch you making a hex sign of any sort was simply unbelievable. The British would simply be too polite to have anything in common with these heathens, further establishing them as The Other. In the end, Stoker’s work is masterful at clearly establishing the differences between class lines and cultures and creating The Other on numerous different levels. He establishes that Mina and Jonathan are the others when compared to Lucy and her well-to-go friends, both of them having been raised with next to nothing. He establishes Renfield as the other via his madness and his actions during his fall to Dracula’s control and even Lucy is somewhat established in this manner, being the least learned and scientific of the group. Stoker made each of the characters unique and bound them to one another, but also invested in making clear divides between them to create an additional tension and confusion in the book that is just complicated by the arrival of Count Dracula. Upon the count’s arrival in London, he is regarded as exotic and interesting, a facet as completely a portion of The Other as the fear and trepidation. Often we are fascinated by those things that are different from us and we desire to see them, to learn more about them and even to imitate them while still holding them at a distance, knowing that they are not like we are. The fact that Stoker felt it necessary to establish this extreme difference when Dracula could easily have become the other certainly by virtue of being a creature of the night implies that Stoker was perhaps attempting to force the scholars that would read his novel to recognize a certain xenophobia within their culture. His depiction of the Eastern Europeans as highly different, almost medieval compare to the bustling and modern London can hardly be considered accidental. Stoker clearly had some thoughts about the way that the British observed the world around them and made Harker the extreme viewpoint of that British charm. Harker had to be an extreme, the most British of British subjects in his observations for stoker to force his audience to see how absurd such characterizations could be. Works Cited Stoker, Bram. â€Å"Dracula† Accessed at http://www. literature. org/authors/stoker-bram/dracula/chapter-01. html, December 9, 2007. How to cite The Language of Mistrust and Fear, Essays

A Spineless Submission free essay sample

In The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, the struggling protagonist of the novel, Edna Pontellier, is warned that, like a bird, if she does not fly away from the ties of society and tradition that she has been caged in, she will find herself spiraling back into a weak and broken place. The author uses certain characters as foils for Edna to relate who they are in contrast to her and to fully illuminate who she is and who she wants to become. Edna’s choices directly reflect her goal to dare and defy the warning, but ultimately land her fluttering back to another locked cage. Mademoiselle Reisz, Adele Ratignolle, and Edna’s children are all individuals who highlight central themes of the book, the search for personal identity and the consequences of passion vs. reason, which lead Edna’s suicide to be the price of a spineless submission. Mademoiselle Reisz, the self motivated independent artist, is one of the first to constitute Edna’s search for her personal identi ty, but when Edna is challenged by the opportunity of self-devotion, she finds that dedication to her individuality and artistic expression alone will not satisfy her needs. We will write a custom essay sample on A Spineless Submission or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, Edna claims herself an upcoming artist, but Mademoiselle Reisz proclaims that â€Å"one must possess many gifts-absolute gifts-which have not been acquired by one’s own effort. And moreover, to succeed, the artist must possess the courageous soul† (84). This statement proves that Mademoiselle Reisz provides and encourages Edna with the option for a social lifestyle that is not acceptable. This is valuable because it helps to illustrate the line Edna draws from where she is influenced enough to make that sacrifice to individuality and the artistic lifestyle, and where she simply will not have the drive to do so, nor will that satisfy her. Mademoiselle Reisz represents the alternate to the standard Victorian woman. For example, when she performs for Edna on her piano with such passion â€Å"The music grew strange and fantastic-turbulent, insistent, plaintive, and soft with entreaty†¦the music filled the room. It floated out upon the night, over the hou setops, the crescent of the river, losing itself in the silence of the upper air† (84). Piano playing was ordinarily just a hobby or a form of entertainment, but this shows how her provocative passion has become a form of self-expression. This is crucial because it attracts Edna’s rebellious nature, but at the same time that is the one and only thing Mademoiselle Reisz is passionate about; the rest of her life, in Edna’s eyes, is incomplete without one to love. Mademoiselle Reisz used her ‘wings’ the most to get away from society’s ties. As a result, Edna discovers that if she were to direct all her strength into becoming the individual artist, she will be wasting her time trying to distract herself from loneliness- the debt of pushing everyone away for that lifestyle. Through her relations with Adele Ratignolle, Edna finds that she cannot associate her personal identity with that of a â€Å"mother-woman†, which further develops her ch aracter. As Adele strongly limits herself to an acceptable standard and employs a foil from the unconventional, Chopin begins to shed new light on the second path that Edna turns away from as she says, â€Å"She was moved by a kind of commiseration for Madame Ratignolle, a pity for that colorless existence which never uplifted its possessor beyond the region of blind contentment, in which no moment of anguish ever visited her soul, in which she would never have the taste of life’s delirium† (74). This demonstrates Edna’s perception that Adele lives her life solely for her husband and her children and has never looked beyond that. This is a key thought because Edna’s desire for individuality does not exist in Adele’s shade of grey existence. Edna proceeds to express the contrast between sacrificing her being or, like Adele, sacrificing her soul as she says, â€Å"I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my c hildren; but I wouldn’t give myself† (62). This shows how Adele urges Edna to give in to the role that she herself has taken on. This is an important factor in Edna’s journey because her defiance further develops the plot and leads her farther away from a life where she complies to subdue her sensual thoughts and actions. Edna’s childlike urges and perspective on life represent her repressed youth, but this born again enlightenment leads her to confront her children, Raoul and Etienne, and to decide whether the consequences of passion is greater than that of reason. For example, Edna’s children momentarily disrupt her ‘flight’ as Chopin adds that their existence also provides her with another option; â€Å"The children appeared before her like antagonists who had overcome her; who had overpowered and sought to drag her into the soul’s slavery for the rest of her days. But she knew a way to elude them† (151). Edna has to ma ke the decision of whether she can still keep her soul, but sacrifice the value of her time for the sake of her children, but she finds that because of the pressures of society, it is impossible to do both. Unlike being married, Edna finds there is no way out for this rut in her self-discovery. For example, Edna does not take into consideration the significance her decisions will make and Madame Ratignolle says to her, â€Å"In some way you seem to me like a child, Edna. You seem to act without a certain amount of reflection which is necessary I life. This is the reason I want to say you mustn’t mind if I advise you to be a little careful while you are living her alone† (127). This proves that her rash actions will not always be the best choice. Although her children might have been a block in the road to the novel’s ending, they represent a final decision that will make or break her life. When weighing the consequences of freeing herself from her children and r etaining her withheld individuality, Edna decides that self-expression will satisfy her more, ultimately leading straight into to ‘flight’ down into another cage. Mademoiselle Reisz, Adele Ratignolle, and Edna’s children are all key characters that Chopin uses to accentuate central themes of the book, the search for personal identity and the consequences of passion vs. reason. Throughout the novel, they each pose different pathways and explorations to Edna’s individualistic solitude which directly contrast and help advance the plot to her suicide. Edna’s failure to dare and defy, and inconsideration of the warning issued toward her, leave her feeling as if there is no way out. Kate Chopin chose to write this novel not only to tell the story of one woman’s journey to get to the goal of freedom from the ties of society, but of Victorian women of that era, and furthermore for eras to come. The search for personal identity and weighing certain consequences are apparent not only in my adolescence, but this novel reflects the contemplation I will encounter later in life; can I dare and defy? Like Edna, I can either make a decision to fly high above the ties of society or to come back weak and disabled. I would strongly recommend this novel to people of all ages because it makes you think twice about your own outtake on life. I would most definitely suggest more males to read this novel in order to reach a more profound understanding of a female mind; but beware this is not the tale of an empowering fulfillment it is the journey to a spineless submission.

Brahms Funf Ophelia Lieder Essay Example For Students

Brahms Funf Ophelia Lieder Essay Song 1: Wie erkenn ich dein Treulieb The entire song is only 42 seconds and there is not much change throughout the piece either. Brahms wanted his entire Lieder to be simple and that shows in this piece. In this song, it shows the structure on AAAA. The melody and rhythm of each line in the song is extremely similar. The only difference in each line is the rhythm of the last measure. In the third system it says He is dead and gone, lady, He is dead and gone.   When sung in German the last word is FrÃÆ' ¤ulein (Lady) which is stressed by the absence of the syncopated rhythm that is usually there. The change in the melody consists of the two notes at the end of the phrase either going up a fourth or going down a third. There is also a change in tempo from one measure to the next in each line. In the A lines, there is a ritardando at the end of each phrase. There is not much dynamic contrast at all throughout the entire song other than a few decrescendos. The accompaniment in this piece follows the vocalist and plays almost the same exact melody as what is being sung. The lyrics to this piece are talking about someone who has died and the woman who is mourning him. At his head a grass green turf, at his feet a stone.   I imagine this means that he has been buried. Song 2: Sein Leichenhemd Weiss wie Schnee zu sehn This piece is also extremely short with only 30 seconds in length. This piece is only two lines. The rhythmic difference between the two lines is that the first line is much more choppy   with the dotted notes than the flowing tied eighth notes. Brahms emphasizes the words blumen (flowers)   and liebes (love) with the use of melismas on both. Each phrase begins with a crescendo and then decrescandos to the end. There is a little bit of ritardando on the very last two notes of the piece. The lyrics to this piece continue to speak of a mans grave, but it also mentions the sweetness of nature and the beauty of the mountains snow. This is probably her appreciating nature, but still upset by the mans death. Its definitely a more bittersweet piece. Song 3: Auf morgen ist Sankt Valentins Tag This piece is much longer that the first two pieces. It is also very cheery in comparison to the other pieces in the lieder. There is a dancelike feel to this piece created by the triple meter in the piece. Although the piece is on the cheerier side, the lyrics hold a deeper and darker meaning. The lyrics say at your window, to be your valentine,   this is showing the desperation and how pathetic the story is. The melody starts off very sweet, but slowly gets more and more desperate. It flows nicely until after the first phrase and then it begins to be sung more bitterly. The bitterness and the desperation is also shown in how the words will sein (to be)  and gingnim (never)   are the highest and longest notes in the entire song. On the way to those notes there is a massive crescendo throughout the previous phrase. After the high notes there is a very quick decrescendo as the music calms again. Song 4: Sie trugen ihn auf der Bahre bloÃŽÂ ² This piece is also very short. This piece is very sweet, but also very somber. The lyrics state and in his grave raind many a tear. You must sing, adown adown.  This line is showing someone in mourning. It even sounds as though the woman is crying when she is singing the line leider ach lieder   and ihr mÃÆ' ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²t singen nunter. There is also a lot of suspension in the piece as well. The piano part in the right hand mostly plays along with the voice. .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 , .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .postImageUrl , .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 , .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:hover , .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:visited , .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:active { border:0!important; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:active , .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29 .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufcffd2c7e00b10147ba4ccc3e16f8e29:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music industry EssaySong 5: Und kommt er nicht mehr zurÃÆ' ¼ck This piece is pleading to God to grant this man mercy. She is coming to terms with this man being dead. The piano part has an almost constant stepping up and down the scale pattern. The song follows an AABBC pattern. During each section of A or B the lyrics are repetitive and constantly pleading. There is not very much dynamic contrast other than a few crescendos and decrescendos here and there.

Mutualism and Exploitation in Plant-Pollinator Relationships free essay sample

This paper examines cheating in plant-pollinator mutualisms. This paper examines some of the ecological dynamics and game theory behind mutualisms and cheaters focusing on plant-pollinator relationships. Table of Contents Reciprocal Exploitation Defensive Strategies: fruit abortion and selective maturation Offensive Strategies: cheating insects To cheat or not to cheat? Evolutionary Consequences of Cheating References Although mutualisms have often been heralded as mutually beneficial relationships that exist for the good of all those involved, they are often not as good-natured as people would think (Soberon Martinez del Rio 1985). Perhaps Darwin knew best when he claimed that Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structures of another (1859). Upon close inspection of the many mutualisms that pervade the global ecology, it becomes clear that there is a strong incentive for exploitation, either by one of the partners in the mutualism or by a third party species. We will write a custom essay sample on Mutualism and Exploitation in Plant-Pollinator Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of the conflict of interest that often exists between members of a mutualism, certain tendencies to cheat have evolved. By escaping the costs that go hand in hand with mutualisms, these cheaters are able to reap the benefits of the mutualistic relationship without having to provide any services or resources in return. Far from one partner acting altruistically toward the other, members in mutualisms are actually pursuing their own agendas, often carrying out self-beneficial actions as far as the other partner will allow.

Princess Elizabeth Becomes Queen at Age 25

Princess Elizabeth Becomes Queen at Age 25 Princess Elizabeth (born Elizabeth Alexandra Mary on April 21, 1926) became Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 at the age of 25. Her father, King George VI suffered from lung cancer for much of his later life and died in his sleep on February 6, 1952, at age 56. Upon his death, Princess Elizabeth, his oldest daughter, became Queen of England.   The Death and Burial of King George VI Princess Elizabeth and her husband, Prince Philip, were in East Africa when King George died. The couple had been visiting Kenya as part of the beginning of a planned five-month tour of Australia and New Zealand when they received the news of King Georges death. With this very sad news, the couple immediately made plans to return to Great Britain. While Elizabeth was still flying home, Englands Accession Council met to officially determine who was the heir to the throne. By 7 p.m. it was announced that the new monarch would be Queen Elizabeth II. When Elizabeth arrived in London, she was met at the airport by Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  to begin preparation for the viewing and burial of her father. After laying in state at Westminster Hall for over 300,000 people to pay respect to his image, King George VI was buried on February 15, 1952,  at St. Georges Chapel in Windsor, England. The funeral procession involved the entire royal court and 56 chimes from Big Ben, one for each year of the kings life.   The First Television Broadcast Royal Coronation Over a year after her fathers death, Queen Elizabeth IIs coronation was held at Westminster Abbey  on June 2, 1953. It was the first televised coronation in history (yet excluded the communion and anointing). Before the coronation, Elizabeth II and Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, moved into Buckingham Palace in preparation for her reign.   Although it was highly believed that the royal house would assume Philips name, becoming the  House of Mountbatten, Elizabeth IIs grandmother, Queen Mary, and Prime Minister Churchill favored retaining the  House of Windsor.  Ã‚  Ultimately, Queen Elizabeth II released a proclamation on April 9, 1952, a full year before the coronation, that the royal house would remain as Windsor. However, after the death of Queen Mary in March of 1953, the name Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for male-line descendants of the couple.   Despite Queen Marys untimely death three months prior, the coronation in June continued as planned, as the former queen had requested before her death. The coronation gown worn by Queen Elizabeth II was embroidered with the floral symbols of Commonwealth countries including the English Tudor rose, Welsh leek, Irish shamrock, Scots thistle, Australian wattle, New Zealand silver fern, South African protea, Indan and Ceylon lotus, Pakistani wheat, cotton, and jute and the Canadian maple leaf.   The Current Royal Family of England As of February 2017, Queen Elizabeth II is still the reigning queen of England at 90 years old. The current royal family consists of her offspring with  Philip. Their son Charles, Prince of Wales, married his first wife Diana, who bore their sons Prince Henry (of Wales) and William (Duke of Cambridge), who in turn married Kate (Duchess of Cambridge), who bore Prince George and Princesses Charlotte (of Cambridge). Prince Charles married Camilla (Duchess of Cornwall) in 2005. Elizabeths daughter Princess Royal Anne married Captain Mark Phillips and bore Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, both of which married and had children (Peter fathered Savannah and Isla with wife Autumn Phillips and Zara mothered Mia Grace with husband Mike Tendall). Queen Elizabeth IIs son Andrew (Duke of York) married Sarah (Duchess of York) and sired Princesses Beatrice and Eugenia of York. The queens youngest son, Edward (Earl of Wessex) married Sophie (Countess of Wessex) who gave birth to Lady Louise Windsor and Viscount Severn James.

Offenders Facing the Death Penalty Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Offenders Facing the Death Penalty - Term Paper Example The population consisting of blacks has been selected for this study. Characteristics and challenges they face in prison Since the time of slavery when the black people were considered as property, the injustice meted out to this category of the population has never lessened. Studies reveal that the blacks are more subject to death penalties than the whites. This bias stems from the fact that a majority of these decisions are made by the white. The blacks are 3.9 times more likely to face death penalty on committing crimes of similar magnitude as done by the whites. (Dieter, 1998) The blacks facing death penalties suffer from mental trauma and helplessness during their stay in the prison. 5 to 10% of those facing death penalty suffer from grave mental illness. Severe mental trauma causes brain damage. This results in impairment of normal physical, behavioral and cognitive functions. These people often face physical and / or sexual abuse in the prison (Mental Illness on Death Row, n.d .) How they adjust to incarceration The prisons in the US- particularly in Texas and California are faced with overcrowding. This has negatively affected the living conditions in prison, prisoner’s safety and proper prison management. ... The prisoners are hyper vigilant about impending threats and danger. They fail to trust their fellow prisoners because of fear of getting victimized. This tendency is seen more in the Blacks, since they are the potential targets of victimization. A research in this regard reveals that about 40% prisoners avoid high risk areas in prison. Most of these prisoners spend additional time in their unit to avoid getting victimized. Almost 75% of prisoners act tough with others to avoid being exploited. Also, about 25% prisoners keep weapons with them to protect themselves. These behaviors on the part of the prisoners reflect the high degree of distrust among them. (Haney, 2002) Social withdrawal and isolation is another method adopted by the prisoners in order to adjust to incarceration. It involves withdrawal from group activities in the prison. The prisoners do not interact with others in such situation. They adopt evasion tactic to cope with the situation. The state of withdrawal is assoc iated with psychological depression. The attitude, behavior and perception of the Blacks facing death penalty can be studied by categorizing them into six categories. These are as follows: Indifference: This behavior is expressed in a consistent manner during the early days of trial. It is characterized by lack of concern for the things happening around. It is caused due to utter disbelief in the situation. (Radelet, 1990, p. 42) Resignation: After the indifference phase comes resignation. It is caused because of the feeling that waiting for death is more difficult than dying. The offenders facing death penalty seek their execution and do not want to undergo further trial. The case of Rumbaugh in 1982 can be used to clarify

Local Area Network Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Local Area Network Design - Assignment Example From this research it is clear that WAN technology is implemented in many different ways depending on the requirements of the organizations. Topology is the network structure which can be connected to multiple networks structured on different topologies. Corporate organizations need massive volume of data to be transferred from their head office and remote offices. For example, the backup servers located in the head office, needs to be updated on a regular basis. The data from the remote offices is essential to be updated on the backup server at every 24 hours. The bandwidth requirement depends on the data type and volume of the information which needs to be synchronized or transferred from the remote offices. For universities, bandwidth requirements are aligned with application and data that needs to be transferred from each campus to another, depending on the network structure. Moreover, security issues must be addressed, as academic papers, results and exams are stored in a databa se that can be exploited by hackers. However, connecting remote offices securely and effectively can be accomplished by implementing Virtual Private Networks operating on WAN. Blue Coats system executive Chris Webber says, â€Å"Credit must be given to the WAN technologies for facilitating the corporate organizations economically†. The packet switching network is directly connected to the Internet Service Provider similar to a network device i.e. hub. As more than one customer is subscribed to the service running on a PSTN, bandwidth issues are common; however, they can be managed by configuring a router that can be connected to a dedicated physical connection. Likewise, the physical connection can be segmented by virtual connections that can be allocated to remote offices of the organization. Some of the technologies that contributed in a packet switched network are frame relay networks and X.25 protocol. After discussing these two type of networks, cell switching is the thi rd type of network. The packet switching network transmits data or data packet in a variable length frame, while, the cell switching network transmits data packet in cells of fixed size and length. Likewise,

Direct to consumer advertising

Direct to consumer advertising DTCA of prescription drugs has increased enormously over the past decade in the United States and New Zealand, the 2 countries where it is legal. In 2005, more than $4.2 billion (US) was spent on DTCA in the United States, and Americans spent an average of 16 hours watching televised drug advertisements-far more time than they spent with family doctors. Mintzes (2009) Whereas advertising for non-prescription pharmaceuticals has been directed to consumers for decades, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for prescription drugs is a relatively recent phenomenon. Regulation of pharmaceutical advertising varies significantly around the globe. Diehl et al (2008) Currently, direct-to-consumer advertising is only allowed in the US and New Zealand, but is banned throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Diehl et al (2008) Despite the ban, a number of pharmaceutical companies have already begun to conduct consumer-targeted campaigns in the EU, which comply with current restrictions (Hone Benson 2004). Like KSA Diehl et al (2008) In the next part, I will start with academic review of marketing communication tools and advertising in general. 2.2 Marketing Communications tools Marketing Communication Marketing communications as defined by Kotler (2007) are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers directly or indirectly about the products and brands that they sell. They are considered the voice of the brand and by which the companies can build a relationship with customers. Marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication, and according to Kotler (2007) it can be classified to mass or personal communications. Mass communications are advertising, public relation and publicity, events, and sales promotion. While, personal communications are personal selling and direct marketing. In this paper, I will focus on advertising, public relations and publicity, and direct marketing. 2.2.1 Personal Selling Personal selling is a face to face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions, and procuring orders. For example, sales presentation, sales meeting, and samples. 2.2.2 Direct Selling Direct marketing is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customer without using marketing middlemen. These channels include catalogs, mailing, telemarketing, TV shopping, e-mail, or internet to communicate directly with customers. 2.2.3 Sales Promotion Sales promotion is a variety of short term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service. For example, coupons, lotteries and gifts. On the contrary, sales promotion is the appropriate tool, if the intention is to deliver quicker results, thus, it could be thought of as a short term incentive to stimulate sales (Sandhusen, 2008), however, despite the fact that it has taken over advertising in recent years, if used more frequently it may has a damaging impact on the brand being promoted. 2.2.4 Events Events and experiences are company sponsored activities and programs designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. For example, sports, festivals, arts, factory tours, and company museum. These marketing communications must be integrated to deliver a consistent message and achieve the strategic positioning. 2.2.5 Public Relations and Publicity Public relation and publicity is a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company image or its individual products. For example, press kits, speeches, seminars, annual reports, charitable donations, publications, community relations, lobbying, identity media, and company magazine. Public relations carries identical definition as that for advertising except for the part of being paid by the company, and on the contrary, public relation has a distinctive quality over advertising, which is being perceived as more credible (Sandhusen, 2008). The appeal of public relations is based on three distinctive qualities; high credibility than ads, ability to catch buyers off guard who prefer to avoid salespeople and advertisements, and the potential for dramatizing a company or a product. Many companies are turning to marketing public relations (MPR) to support corporate or product promotion and image making. The old name of MPR was publicity, which was seen as the task of securing editorial space as opposed to paid spaces in print and broadcast media to promote a product, service, idea, place, person, or organization. MPR goes beyond simple publicity and plays an important role in assisting in the launch of new products, assisting in repositioning of a mature product, building interest in a product category, influencing specific target groups, defending products that have encountered public problems, and building the corporate image in the way that reflects favourably on its products. 2.2.6 Advertising Advertising as claimed by Pickton Broderick (2006) is considered as the senior element of the marketing communications mix which defined as the use of paid mass media, by an identified sponsor, to deliver marketing communications to target audiences to persuade or influence an audience. Whereas media is considered as the carriers of message that it should include TV, radio, press, posters, direct mail and the internet. Advertising according to the media and the purpose can be classified into many types. For example, based on the type of media there are many types of advertisement like television ads, press and magazine advertisements, posters, radio, internet and out of home advertising which includes billboards, transit, street furniture, and alternative outdoor like cinema advertising, stadium advertising, and airport advertising (Wilson, et al., 2008). In addition to the previous classification, Eldridge (1958) argued that according to the purpose of the advertising there are three different kinds. The first one is the immediate action advertising like that of retail food advertising, special deals and coupon offers that push customers to take immediate actions. Whereas the second category is the awareness advertising like the announcements of a new product or model. As an example of this category is that of direct-to-consumer advertising of the pharmaceutical products, especially See your doctor campaigns that increase public awareness for new products or even refreshing the customer memory toward old product. Finally, the third category is the creation or change of an image advertising which is considered the most difficult category to be measured. For example, campaigns that made by oil companies to improve their images as environment pollutants through increasing their social responsibilities. There is some confusion between advertising, direct marketing, and public relation. (Tamer) Advertising has a lot of advantages. As mentioned in Leicester (2009) it can reach mass audiences through media and press. In addition it is able to reach mass audiences selectively like advertising in specialized magazines. Moreover, it has low unit cost, efficient and effective at reaching large audiences. In addition to the previous advantages, as claimed by Eechambadi and Naras V. (1994), it is expected to change perceptions, maintain awareness, reinforce brand loyalty, encourage switching, or influence frequency of purchase. After showing the different types and advantages of advertising in the next part I will present how advertising works. As mentioned by Miller, et al., (1998) over the past several decades most advertisers and academics believed that advertising primarily worked by changing consumer attitudes toward a brand through the (Awareness, Interest, Desire Action) AIDA model. This simple model says that awareness of a brand precedes interest, which in turn precedes desire and action. Thus, awareness plays a role in this theory, it is primarily a gatekeeper. However, Pickton Broderick (2006) argued that, advertising works through three ways. The first way considers the concepts of advertising as a strong or a weak force. Advertising seen as a strong force suggests that it has a direct and positive impact on sales through persuading people to buy, creating and building brands, differentiating between brands and increasing sales. While those see advertising as a weak force suggests that advertising works through maintaining brand values and defending market share, so its effect on sales is therefore less direct. A second way considers the concept of salience which is the sum total of brand attributes, not any single element, that creates a positive attitude towards the brand. The goal is not so much how well your brand is regarded, but how many consumers regard your brand well. In this way, brand shares are maintained. The third approach is a simple causal hierarchy of effects that claimed by Vakratsas and Ambler (1999) which is little changed in its essentials from the AIDA model. In this approach, consumers change their minds about a product, then they change their attitude, and then they act. In other words, the process begins with cognition, which translates to affect, which then translates to behaviour. The purpose of advertising in that model is primarily to drive trial by inserting the brand into the consumers head and keeping it there. To increase the advertising effectiveness, it is better to use advertising in more than one media to gain the advantages of each one. For example, the most effective see your doctor campaigns usually use more than one media, like TV, radio, posters, flyers and internet. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3 Overview of DTCA . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.1. Definition of DTCA . Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) is the promotion of prescription drugs through newspaper, magazine, television and internet marketing. Drug companies also produce a range of other materials, including brochures and videos, that are available in doctors offices or designed to be given to patients by medical professionals or via patient groups. Vann(2010) The only two developed countries where DTCA is currently legal are the U.S. and New Zealand. While banned elsewhere, the drug industry is mounting major lobbying campaigns to have DTCA allowed in Europe and Canada. Vann(2010) DTCA advertising is just one strand in the marketing and PR efforts of drug companies to promote brand-name prescription drugs. Some aimed at potential consumers are video news releases for use in television news bulletins and programs. Vann(2010) Prescription drug advertising is very different from any other type of product advertising in that the product cannot be purchased without the cooperation of others (doctor, pharmacist, insurer, health maintenance organisations, etc.) and thus the purpose of advertising is different from most other product advertising. Becker et al, (2005) The advertisers want consumers to do one of the following; seek more information, talk to a doctor about the drug, talk to a pharmacist about the drug and tell family and friends about the drug. Basically, what consumers are expected to do after viewing prescription drug ads is to seek information and talk to others. Becker et al, (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.2. A History of DTCA . The idea of DTCA started in the early 1980s when some of pharmaceutical companies decided to find a new model of promotion rather than the traditional one that rely on promotion for physician. They started firstly with public relations techniques rather than paid advertising as mentioned by Donohue and Julie (2006). From the 1950s to the early 1980s, no pharmaceutical companies were running product-specific ads in the mass media. Then, two product marketing campaigns broke with tradition and pursued a marketing strategy that depended on consumers taking a more active role in prescribing decisions. In 1981, Boots pharmaceuticals used print and television ads to promote Rufen, a prescription pain reliever. The marketing strategy was to position Rufen as a cheaper alternative to the leading brand. Donohue and Julie (2006) In the early 1980s most pharmaceutical companies avoided DTCA of prescription drugs, according to a survey conducted in 1984 of pharmaceutical marketing executives. Pharmaceutical executives argued that DTCA would hurt the doctor-patient relationship, confuse an unsophisticated public, and lead to higher drug costs. Donohue and Julie (2006) The increased use of DTCA in the early 1990s may have been related to the introduction of lifestyle drugs for which no market yet existed like hair restoration products or those requiring consumers to self-identify, either because physicians feel uncomfortable discussing the product like drugs that treat erectile dysfunction. Donohue and Julie (2006) In 1997, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) relaxed its rules on mass media advertising for prescription drugs. This action made it easier for pharmaceutical companies to promote their products in 30- or 60-second TV ads without giving detailed medical information on the indications, potential side effects, or proper use. Findlay and Steven (2002) Pharmaceutical firms, which in 1984 had feared the impact of DTCA on the doctor-patient relationship, now argued that prescription drug advertising empowered consumers. The president of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America stated, Direct-to-consumer advertising is an excellent way to meet the growing demand for medical information, empowering consumers by educating them about health conditions and possible treatments. Donohue and Julie (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.3. Why pharmaceutical companies might use DTCA?. There are several factors in the prescription drug industry that might induce manufacturers to advertise directly to consumers. In general, certain characteristics of the market, the disease to be treated, the stage of the product life cycle (PLC) and the drug treatment itself. Sheffet et al, (1990) As the size of the potential market increases, so does the probability that manufacturers will advertise to medical professionals and consumers, because the larger the potential market for a drug treatment, the lower the cost per treatment to advertise. For example, the current broadcasting and print media advertising for ulcer treatments is aimed at a large potential market. In the case of a drug to treat a disease that afflicts far fewer people (e.g., hemophilia), it is unlikely that DTC advertising would be used because of the high cost of reaching the relatively small number of people in that market. Sheffet et al, (1990) The stage of the PLC will also influence the likelihood that a firm will participate in DTC advertising. In a mature product category, a function of advertising is to allow a firm to differentiate its product from competing brands. Early in the PLC, advertising is more likely to increase the relative size of the total market. A unique characteristic of the prescription drug industry is that the stages of the PLC are significantly dictated by the patent structure. A firm whose brand is protected by a patent has a greater incentive to increase the total market size than a firm whose product is competing in a stable, mature market. Sheffet et al, (1990) The nature of the disease and the frequency of treatment will also affect the attractiveness of DTC advertising for a particular drug. For example, a disease that requires constant long-term medication (e.g., Dilantin for epilepsy), will have the same patient population in the market for years. Sheffet et al, (1990) 2.4 The role of DTC advertising in the healthcare system.. 2.4.1 push/pull strategic mix:.. The introduction of DTC advertising brought the consumer into the brand stimulation equation, eroding some of the physicians market control and giving prescription drug manufacturers more control of the marketplace. Where once the manufacturer was at the total mercy of the physician, DTC advertising put the prescription drug manufacturer in a position to exert some influence in the patient-doctor relationship. Becker et al, (2005) pharmaceutical industry has traditionally used a push strategy to promote their products but report that there has been a break from this traditional push strategy to a more aggressive pull strategy. Parker et al, (2003) Therefore, pharmaceutical companies advertising shifted from a push promotion strategy to a combination of a push/pull strategic mix. Becker et al, (2005) 2.4.2 Doctor-Patient Relationship. During the past two decades, there has been an irreversible change in the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients are seeking much more medical information and are actively participating in decisions affecting their health. Wolfe (2002) in terms of the impacts on doctor-patient relationships, on the positive side, Peyrot, Alperstein, Van Doren, and Poli (1998) found that media exposure and awareness of DTCA appeared to be associated with higher consumer drug knowledge and greater levels of discussion with physicians regarding treatment, this leading to strengthening of the relationship between doctor and patients (Bonaccorso and Sturchio, 2002). Reast et al, (2008) Conversely, Mechanic (1996), in line with prior research by Perri and Nelson (1987), took the position that the relationship between doctor and patient would be undermined by the increasing consumerization of the doctor-patient relationship, and various studies have pointed to potential conflicts in the relationship between doctor and patient, with undue pressure on doctors to prescribe advertised drugs (Foley and Gross, 2000; Mintzes et al, 2002; Prince, 2003), and patients considering switching doctors if specific drug requests are denied (Kravitz, 2000). Reast et al, (2008) The irritation felt by many physicians when patients approach them after seeing a direct-to-consumer advertisement may derive from the fact that such advertisements, with their powerful, emotion-arousing images and frequently unbalanced information on safety and effectiveness, mislead patients into believing that drugs are better than they actually are. Wolfe (2002) This puts physicians in a quandary, facing 3 conflicting ethical obligations. First, physicians aim to do no harm. Second, physicians seek to maintain and develop a strong doctor-patient relationship because it enhances future care and health outcomes, in addition to patient satisfaction. Third, physicians have a duty to ensure fair allocation of health care resources and avoid wasteful expenditure. Murray et al, (2003) We found that physicians find responding to inappropriate requests time-consuming and that they often seem to acquiesce to such requests as long as the patient is not harmed. Furthermore, more doctors perceive the effect on the relationship as beneficial than harmful, but this is dependent on physicians doing what the patient wants. Murray et al, (2003) DTCA can have good and bad effects on quality of care, the doctor-patient relationship, and health service utilization. The benefits might be maximized, and the harms minimized, by increasing the accuracy of information in advertisements; enhancing physicians communication and negotiation skills; and encouraging patients to respect physicians clinical expertise. Murray et al, (2003) 2.4.3 Do Ads Really Drive Pharmaceutical Sales?. The reviewed research finds that DTCA leads to increased demand for the advertised drug. Atherly and Rubin (2009) Evidence suggests that direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs increases pharmaceutical sales and helps to avert underuse of medicines and leads to potential overuse. Donohue, Cevasco and Rosenthal (2007) 2.5 Overview of the global doctors` attitude toward DTCA Increasingly consistent US, New Zealand and UK medical opinion While a USA study prior to the boom in DTCA had found that physicians were broadly supportive of advertising to consumers (Petroshius et al. 1995), more recent evidence with very few contradictions now suggests that many USA physicians are unhappy with DTCA (Reast et al., 2004). The picture within New Zealand, on balance, cautiously supported the continuation of DTC advertising (Reast et al., 2004). UK physicians also as mentioned by Reast et al., (2004) opposed to the introduction of DTCA, which they feel is unethical, and is likely to have various negative impacts. Concern was expressed about DTCA causing damage to physicians` relationship with pharmaceutical companies, and perhaps more importantly, damage to their relationship with patients (Reast et al., 2004). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.1 The USA Situation Medical opinion towards DTC within the USA, having apparently been quite supportive prior to the rapid expansion of DTC in the mid- 1990s (Petroshius et al. 1995), appears now to be hardening. A US study, published in the Journal of Family Practice in 1997, found that 80% of surveyed members of the American Academy of Family Physicians believed that DTC was not a good idea and 84% expressed negative feelings about television DTC advertising (Mitka 2003). In contrast, the FDA study, a survey of 500 general practitioners (GPs) and hospital doctors, found a much more positive view of DTC advertising, whereby 37% said the overall impact of DTC advertising on their patients and practice had a somewhat positive effect, 28% said that there was no effect at all, and 27% said that DTC advertising had a somewhat negative effect. Only 3% felt it had a very positive effect and 5% said it had a very negative effect (Thomaselli 2003). Reast et al, (2004) There have been a substantial number of published studies on DTCA in the USA. These include a Harvard Medical School report by Weissman et al. (2004). This national study of 643 physicians on events where patients discussed advertised drugs found both positive and negative effects on patients and physician practices. Positive effects were: improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%). Negative effects included: patients led to seek unnecessary treatments (80%) and a perceived lack of balance in risk/benefits (80%). Auton and Frank (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.2 The New Zealand and Australia Situation In New Zealand also, opposition to DTC remains high among physicians, with recent high-profile reports from New Zealands top medical schools condemning the practice (Scrip 2003). Reast et al, (2004) Despite this, a review of physician opinion conducted by the New Zealand Ministry of Health in 2001 (Hoek Gendall 2002) found that doctors` groups acknowledged both the benefits and issues associated with DTC advertising. A qualitative research study conducted in New Zealand by Maubach and Hoek (2005) suggests that doctors views are complex. Doctors were found to have serious concerns about DTCA but also saw some benefits from it. Respondents viewed favourably DTCAs ability to increase awareness of certain medical conditions. However, there were concerns about the poor level of information provided and many doctors spent time dispelling incorrect patient perceptions. There was also concern that risk information was not felt to be balanced. The majority did not support a ban on DTCA but nearly all considered that stricter regulation was required. Auton and Frank (2006) A study of attitudes towards DTCA in Australia by Miller and Waller (2004) found that four factors were important: information, quality, credibility and price. Auton and Frank (2006) DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.3 The European Situation .. There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. The exploratory study of 68 GPs and hospital doctors, a partial replication of the USA study by Petroshius et al. (1995), found UK physicians highly opposed to the concept and likely impacts of DTC advertising, 62% disagreeing with the ethics of DTC advertising, and 72% opposing the introduction of DTC advertising in Europe. Seeing certain benefits of a limited introduction of DTC communication, the European Commission presented plans to the European Parliament in November 2002, allowing further information on three chronic disease conditions (Aids, diabetes, and asthma) to pass directly to consumers. While the European Commission plans were rejected, educational see your doctor campaigns, carrying the manufacturers name and logo, but not the product brand name, are still allowed. Reast et al, (2004) In the UK disease-awareness campaigns are being mounted by pharmaceutical companies in conjunction with patient organisations through sponsorship and grants which recognises UK and EU law prohibiting pharmaceutical companies undertaking activity which is deemed to be promoting a prescription-only medicine to the public. Auton and Frank (2006) Pfizer launched a  £30 million Europe-wide male impotence disease-awareness campaign, including sponsorship of a St Valentine.s Day radio and press campaign, in conjunction with the Impotence Association. Reast et al, (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.4 The Middle East Situation .. Actually, after a lot of research, I did not find any articles talk about DTCA in Middle East. DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. 2.6 Critical views of doctors attitudes towards DTCA . Recent surveys of physicians indicate that even though many still oppose the practice of DTCA in general, they also point to some positive effects. Donohue and Julie (2006) 2.6.1 Why DTCA is viewed as positive by doctors? . Supporters claim that DTC advertising has an educational value. It may cause consumers to seek advice on diseases or problems that have been previously undiagnosed, thus creating a more informed consumer (Parker et al, 2003). In addition, it can play an important role in improving healthcare by giving consumers the information they need to discuss medical symptoms and treatment options with their doctors. Becker et al, (2005) Moreover, DTCA is necessary to provide pharmaceutical firms with an incentive to develop prescription drugs to treat new ailments, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or more effective treatments for established ailments and conditions. Research and development costs are high, but pharmaceutical firms have only a limited amount of time in which their prescription drugs are patent-protected. As regulatory approval times have lengthened, the amount of time that pharmaceutical firms have to recoup their research and development costs before being faced with competition from generic versions of their drugs has decreased (Meek 2001). Therefore, pharmaceutical firms believe that creating consumer awareness of patent-protected prescription drugs is the quickest way to increase sales. Main et al, (2004) Supporters further claim that DTC advertising will lead to improved products and lower prices as pharmaceutical firms compete for consumer patronage in the open market. In this view, more knowledgeable consumers will select the best treatment available; thus, bans on DTC advertising deprive consumers of information needed to make the best choice (Meek 2001). Main et al, (2004) Furthermore, as mentioned by Auton and Frank (2006), a national study of 643 physicians found positive effects were: improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%). Finally, to summarize the benefits of DTCA, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) in 2005 announced approval of new industry guidelines for DTC advertising. The fourteen principles outlined in these guidelines are based on the premise that: DTC advertising of prescription medicines can benefit the public health by increasing awareness about diseases, educating patients about treatment options, motivating patients to contact their physicians and engage in a dialogue about health concerns, increasing the likelihood that patients will receive appropriate care for conditions that are frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated, and encouraging compliance with prescription drug treatment regimens. Royne and Myers (2008) 2.6.2 Why DTCA is viewed as negative by doctors? . Critics of DTC advertising maintain that prescription drugs differ from other products and, therefore, should not be advertised in a similar way to increase consumption. Instead of being sold to increase profits, prescription drugs should be sold only when a doctor believes the medication will be the best way to reduce a patients suffering (Findlay 2001). In addition, DTCA intrudes into the doctor-patient relationship and confuses patients by representing promotional messages as educational (Wolfe 2002). Further, opponents believe that DTC advertising increases demand for more expensive medications and medicalizes normal human experience (Mintzes 2002), rather than providing consumers with information needed to make better health-care decisions. Critics also contend that the increase in patient requests for advertised medications (Peyrot et al. 1998) leads to preference toward branded, advertised prescriptions over more affordable and effective treatments (Dyer 2002; Findlay 2002). Some also argue that such advertising is inappropriate because patients are not in a position to diagnose conditions or judge the relative safety, effectiveness and appropriateness of alternative treatments. This practice can lead to prescription drug misuse and abuse (Becker et al, 2005). In addition, evidence on clinical outcomes is often inadequate when drugs first come on to the market, at times leading to false impressions. COX 2 inhibitors (Vioxx), for example, were widely believed to be safer than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatories when first launched. An assessment of the full experience of serious adverse events in comparative trials suggests the contrary. Mintzes and Barbara (2002)